Persuasive Essay On Marijuana - 1056 Words

Marijuana is known to most people in society, and those people that are aware of marijuana do not have a depth of knowledge of the history or the effects of marijuana Generations before us would use Marijuana for ropes because of the strength is was capable of but now people that hear the word marijuana would probably go straight with the idea that marijuana is useless and would not do the society or the economy any good. If the government were to legalize the use of marijuana then they would make extra profit off it because of taxes and other problems could be resolved like better school environments, updated technology in the school system or to just help our body out. These opinions that the people say out into society are not entirely†¦show more content†¦Since Colorado is making money off the taxes for marijuana usage, their school construction is more up to date and their education system is much more efficient because of that fifteen percent tax on marijuana which me ans Colorado is paying good money to have high quality teachers to educate the students, where as, in a small town like Marshall, Missouri, where the whole high school needs to be demolished and rebuilt/remodeled because our high school is not an efficient environment to be learning in, the ceilings at Marshall High School have just been redone in the summer of 2017 because of the concaving that was occurring in mid April to March, some of the sinks do not work and some of the bathroom stalls have the door unhinged. These problems could easily be fixed immediately if the legalization of marijuana usage in Missouri is passed, money that the town does not have at the moment can be resolved if marijuana was legalized and then the town would be receiving that fifteen percent tax income where then it would go to school re/construction. Another issue that isShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Marijuana918 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana isnt as bad as people say it is. These are reasons w hy marijuana isnt as harmful for your body for you as you think. There are actually many benefits from marijuana that can help you. Marijuana can help people more than harm them,everybody says that marijuana is bad for you but it is the only drug that actually has medical benefits. Such as glaucoma, marijuana can help prevent and treat glaucoma, which increases pressure of the eyeball. The pressure in the eyeball can cause of visionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Marijuana1944 Words   |  8 PagesMarijuana, also referred to as Cannabis sativa, is a drug whose leaves and other parts of the hemp are smoked to cause an effect that is usually referred to as â€Å"high† by most people. Since the existence of the drug became known, the issue as to whether marijuana should be legalized or not is a debate that has been highly contested. Regardless of its negative effects, marijuana has been tested by the American Society and proven to be beneficial. The core purpose of the essay is to elaborate why marijuanaRead MorePersuasive Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijua na has been debated to be a harmful substance for so long. Marijuana is a drug that is always being talked about all over the media. There is constant debate on whether it should be legalized or not. Its also, debated on if it were to be legalized, how would it would affect society. All these questions are things the government takes into account every day. There is a big divide between people’s beliefs on this matter. Some people think it should be, others think it shouldn’tRead MorePersuasive Essay: Legalizing Marijuana965 Words   |  4 PagesSunday March 29th Paper 3: Persuasive â€Å"Advantages of Legalizing Marijuana† Advantages of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana use is on the rise, especially among teenagers and young adults. With the recent laws passed in eight states about legalizing medical marijuana , many stand divided when it comes to this never ending debate, but I firmly believe that this miracle working drug should be legalized throughout the United States. Marijuana is by far the most commonlyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Legalizing Marijuana1746 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Can you imagine being just six-years-old and suffering from over three hundred violent seizures a week? From birth, Charlotte Figi suffered from a rare form of epilepsy, which caused these seizures. After trying everything to help Charlotte, her parents finally decided to try medical marijuana, and it worked! Charlotte still had seizures, but now, she had maybe two or three seizures a month instead of three hundred a week. Charlotte’s story and many similar stories, alongRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Use Of Marijuana1368 Words   |  6 Pagesknow, you have to smoke more than 15,000 joints in less than 20 minutes to overdose on marijuana? That’s also physically impossible. Today, more than 1 in 3 people have tried the substance marijuana. People who try it might think smoking marijuana is cool. They might try it without knowing what it is or what affects is has on you. From pain relief to stimulating the appetites of patients on chemotherapy, marijuana seems to have plenty going for it as a medicine and also an illegal substance. OnceRead MorePersuasive Essay Benefits Of Marijuana1220 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Marijuana Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a plant used to produce hemp fiber and as a psychotropic drug. There are many ways to consume the plant, but most often, it is consumed through a cigarette. Over many years, marijuana has been looked at as a gateway drug and something attached to violence and addiction. Users of marijuana have been stereotyped to abuse the drug to get high rather than to medicate their bodies. The hip-hop and hippie communities shed a light on marijuana that gaveRead MorePersuasive Essay About Marijuana1073 Words   |  5 Pagesmisconception about Marijuana that a variety of people believe. This is because they do not know the history of it and what is in the Marijuana that makes it, what people say is â€Å"addictive.† They also probably do not know that there are disadvantages and advantages of using Marijuana. At the end of the day, it is really the choice of the user. But people should become more aware of where Marijuana originated from, what it is made from and the pros and cons of smoking it if they choose to. Marijuana has a longRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Marijuana-Persuasive Outline941 Words   |  4 PagesBilly Bob Joe Good Example Persuasive Speech Outline Purpose: To persuade my audience to: support the legalization of marijuana, because of it being able to provide many medical as well as economic benefits for the United States if legalized. Thesis Statement: Marijuana has been regarded as a harmful plant that can endanger lives and is thought to be nothing more than an extra problem to be dealt with in today’s society. However, based on its economic value and medical benefits, theRead MoreEssay On Persuasive Speech About Marijuana799 Words   |  4 Pages I must tell you something, and I know it will upset you, I tried marijuana last night. The words from my friend’s mouth slapped me across the face, I can almost feel the sting now as I recall the experience to you. As her words sunk in I started to wonder if our friendship could survive such a betrayal of trust. Forgive or not, this is the dilemma I found myself in as I listened to my best friend confess that she did something we both promised each other we would never do. She and I met at a fish

The Battle Of World War II - 1168 Words

The Battles of World War II Normandy Invasion, D-Day In December 1943, the head of staff of the Allies picked American General Dwight D. Eisenhower as incomparable administrator for the Allies in Europe. English General, Sir Frederick Morgan, added to various arrangements for the Allies, most uncommon was Operation Overlord, a full-scale intrusion of France over the English Channel. This was the codename for the most mysterious summon in the war. The initial plan was to cross the English Channel, land in France and push on into Germany. The attack was set for the spring of 1944. English and American troops, as of now assembling in England for the attack, numbered more than 50 divisions (more than 150,000 troops), with a huge number of†¦show more content†¦After being stationary for several minutes, Eisenhower stopped and arose, and gave the Okay., to go!The initial phase in the intrusion started a day late, on June 6 around 12:15 am. The D-Day invasion started with an unsafe assault by American paratroopers. Dropped behind four lines to mellow up the German troops and to secure focuses on, the paratroopers realized that if the strike via ocean fizzled, there would be no salvage. Leaving from Portland Bill on the English draft, the 101st, and 82nd U.S. Airborne Divisions were dropped on the Cherbourg promontory. Starting there, the 101st was to secure the western end behind UTAH and head off an eastern German advance. The 82nd, landing more remote inland, was to grab the extensions and prevent advance from the west. Substantial haze and German firearms brought about numerous difficulties. The pilots were not able to drop the paratroopers precisely as arranged. The 101st Division endured awesome misfortunes. One and only 6th of the men came to their destination focuses. The main regiment of the 82nd Division was better, however, the second endured substantial supply misfortunes. Still, both divisions figured out ho w to frame litter squads, and sorted out themselves to battle. By 4:30 am, the 82nd had caught the town of Ste-Mere- Eglise. By first light, Allied powers arrived on five shorelines vanquishing Germany s strengths. The fourth Infantry Division was to take Utah Beach.

Atticus Essay Example For Students

Atticus Essay Atticus, a deeply affecting novel by Ron Hansen, opens in winter on the high plains of Colorado to the tropics of Mexico, as well as from the realm of whodunit detective mystery to the larger realm of the Mystery, which has its own heartbreaking, consoling, and redemptive logic. Misunderstanding, dissolute, prodigal, wayward, wastrel, alias, and bribery are only a few words that tell the powerful story of Atticus. The case was labeled as a suicide. The body was identified as forty-year-old Scott William Cody, a blue-eyed white male. The plot of the book takes three sharp turns. It begins as a conventional novel about the relationship between a father and his troubled adult son. After one character dies, it zigs into a murder mystery, and by the end has zagged into something entirely different, a parable, lets say, in which characters find redemption. Atticus Cody, Colorado cattle rancher turned oilman, appears at first to be a remote and judgmental dad, but as we observe the gentle, persistent concern he shows for his wayward son Scott, we discover nothing less than the ideal dad. Scotts testing of his fathers love goes way beyond normal bounds: his alcoholism and general irresponsibility actually cause the deaths of several other characters. Scotts peregrinations take Atticus from his home in Colorado to the slums and bohemian underworld of a Mexican town. There, Atticus confronts a seamy and labyrinthine corruption that tries to separate him from the love of his son. Atticus, the Father, wont let go, and thats the point. In my humble opinion, the message of the book is that an ultimately moving meditation on the ineffable, unmatchable love between a parent and a child should always be a close bond, because you might not have a second chance for reconciliation. Atticus Cody receives a surprise Christmas visit from Scott, his estranged son who has been leading the life of a wastrel expatriate in Mexico. The friction between them is electric, and despite Atticuss profound love for his son he is unable to overcome the differences between them, and Scott returns to Mexico with their conflicts unresolved. Any hopes for reconciliation end when Scott supposedly commits suicide a few weeks later. Atticus journeys to Mexico to recover the body and he uncovers the story of his sons death, fitting together the pieces of mosaic that was Scotts life in Mexicoand encountering a group of disturbing characters along the way. Upon learning the circumstances surrounding his sons death, Atticus begins to suspect Scott was murdered. Unsatisfied with the police investigation, the sixty-seven year old father begins his own, struggling to comprehend the enigma of Scotts life and final days. It is an investigation that leads Atticus to an unexpected, but emotionally satisfying conclusion. Scott alias Reinhardt Schmidt, finally stopped the charade and disclosed his true identity and reunited with his father, bringing them closer than ever before. Scott Cody was in a lot of turmoil. He felt as if he was nothing, and couldnt do  anything productive with his life. He was suicidal and was treated for it, where he also madly fell in love with Renata, his on-and-off girlfriend. He felt devastated when he lost her to another man. Scott was in even greater trouble when he was involved in a hit-and-run accident, where he killed a seventeen-year-old girl. The girls boyfriend went after Scott, and accidentally murdered Reinhardt Schmidt instead of Scott. Scott realizes that will be a dead man if he doesnt take on Schmidts identity. But soon enough, Scott realizes all the devastation that he brought to his family and to his friends, and so then he decides to unfold the truth behind his identity. .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .postImageUrl , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:hover , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:visited , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:active { border:0!important; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:active , .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb43ca8f24b48f5622df07f806a6728a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adrienne Rich's Revision EssayI think I speak for everyone when I say this, we usually take people for granted. We dont talk the way we should, or express ourselves to the fullest. We later regret our behaviors when its too late. Each day is a new day, and no one can really predict the contents, whether its good or bad. We should all treat each other with respect and love for one another, and treasure every moment you have with one another, because you never know what life will have in store for you. The author braids his plot so intricately that things are never quite what they seem. Though Atticus is a book one wants to race through to find out whats happened and the news is indeed shocking it demands pauses to admire the prose. Here is the sound of a Mexican jitney: The pandemonium in the engines was like iron pans being clapped together. Here, the look of a gin mill after a shooting: Tatters and silks of gunsmoke still hung by the ceiling. And in Colorado, the snow strayed over the geography as though recalling how it was to be water. In the splendid Atticus, Ron Hansen displays both an unblinking eye and a forgiving heart.

Inferno Essays - Divine Comedy, Inferno, Dis, Dante Alighieri, Hell

Inferno On Good Friday 1300 AD, in Dante's thirty-fifth year, he goes astray from the straight road into the Dark Wood of Error. Seeing the Sun (Divine Illumination) lighting the Mount of Joy in the Distance, he attempts to climb up the mountainside but is blocked by three beasts of worldliness: the Leopard of Malice and Fraud, the Lion of Violence and Ambition, and the She-Wolf of Incontinence. When his hope is nearly lost, the shade of the Roman poet Virgil (a symbol of Human Reason) appears to him. Virgil has been sent by Beatrice in Heaven to lead Dante from error; he explains that to defeat the beasts it is necessary to take the harder route through Hell (where sin is recognized), Purgatory (where sin is renounced), then to Heaven to revel in the light of God. Dante accepts and sets off with him. The Poets pass through the Gate of Hell (inscribed with the famous line, Abandon all hope ye who enter here) and step into the Vestibule, where they see the torments inflicted on the opportunists and those who took neither side in the Rebellion of the Angels. They are not officially in Hell nor Heaven because their actions in life were not good enough or bad enough to warrant a place in either. They must forever pursue a banner just out of their reach while being stung by wasps; the blood and pus flowing from their wounds is feasted upon by worms and maggots. (The punishments in Inferno always fit the crime. The wasps signify the sinners guilty consciences and the worms and maggots, their moral filth.) The Poets wish to be ferried across the river Acheron by the boatman Charon, but Charon realizes that Dante is still living and refuses them passage until Virgil makes a good argument for Dante's case. Charon reluctantly agrees, but Dante faints out of pure terror and only awakes when he is on the opposite bank. Upper Hell, for those who committed the least serious sins, is made of five circles, each containing fewer sinners and smaller than the one before it. The first of these is Limbo, where unbaptized children and virtuous pagans are placed. Virgil is one of these souls, who lived decent lives but died before Christ came (in Dante's mind, belief in Christ was necessary to enter Heaven). They are not tormented but must spend eternity without hope. Dante and Virgil tarry in Limbo to talk with other great poets of the ancient world. (Dante must have had tremendous pride in himself to have imagined walking with Homer and Ovid.) Entering the second circle, where the torments begin, the Poets are blocked by Minos, the beast who judges the damned and condemns each soul to its proper level of Hell, but Virgil convinces him to let them pass. (Dante fused pagan mythology and Christian beliefs together in his Hell quite often.) They then see the souls of the carnal, swept around by tempests much as they allowed their reason to be swept away by passion in life. Here they meet Paolo and Francesca, who were murdered by Francesca's husband before they could repent from their sin of adultery. After hearing their story, Dante faints again. Upon recovering, Dante and Virgil enter the third circle, where storms of stinking snow and freezing rain fall and form slush under their feet. Cerberus, a three-headed dog, guards the gluttonous souls and chews at them. One of the gluttons, Ciacco, a Florentine like Dante, prophesizes Dante's later exile. (It becomes apparent later that the damned can see far into the future but cannot see the events of the present. Thus on Judgement Day, the last day, their powers will become useless.) The fourth circle is guarded by the monster Plutus but Virgil again manages to talk his and Dante's way past him. (I assume that this means Human Reason can always outwit anything hellish.) The circle is filled with souls of hoarders and wasters, who are eternally at war with one another. They are in Hell because in thinking of nothing but money they destroyed the light of God within them. It is now past midnight on Good Friday, and the Poets proceed to the fifth circle, the Marsh of Styx. This is the last circle of Upper Hell. The souls of the wrathful attack one another in the marsh and the souls of the sullen lie entombed beneath the slime. The Poets stand at the edge at the edge of the marsh and Phlegyas, the ferryman

Free Essays on Oral Sex Among Adolescents

Oral Sex Among Adolescents: Is It Sex or Is It Abstinence? Over the past few decades, nationally representative surveys have accumulated a wealth of data on levels of adolescent sexual activity. Thanks to such surveys, we know how the proportion of 15-19-year-olds who have ever had intercourse has changed over the years. Similar data exist on age at first intercourse, most recent sexual intercourse and current contraceptive use. Yet all of these measures focus onor relate to the possible results ofvaginal intercourse. This is natural, given that attention to adolescent sexual activity arose initially out of concerns over the far-reaching problems associated with teenage pregnancy and childbearing. More recently, infection with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), particularly with HIV, has fueled further public and scientific interest in teenage sexual behavior. But to what extent does adolescent sexual activity consist of noncoital behaviorsthat is, mutual masturbation, oral sex and anal intercoursethat are not linked to pregnancy but involve the risk of STDs? Some of these activities may also be precursors to vaginal intercourse. Yet, health professionals and policymakers know very little about their prevalence among teenagers. There are several explanations for this dearth of information. One is the perceived difficulty of getting parents to consent to surveys on the sexual activity of their minor children (generally aged 17 and younger). Another is a generalized fear that asking young people about sex will somehow lead them to choose to have sex. The conflicts and passions usually surrounding the appropriateness of asking young people about sex, especially in public settings such as schools as compared with private households, become even more inflamed when the questions go into behaviors "beyond" intercourse. Another reason is the federal government's reluctance to spon... Free Essays on Oral Sex Among Adolescents Free Essays on Oral Sex Among Adolescents Oral Sex Among Adolescents: Is It Sex or Is It Abstinence? Over the past few decades, nationally representative surveys have accumulated a wealth of data on levels of adolescent sexual activity. Thanks to such surveys, we know how the proportion of 15-19-year-olds who have ever had intercourse has changed over the years. Similar data exist on age at first intercourse, most recent sexual intercourse and current contraceptive use. Yet all of these measures focus onor relate to the possible results ofvaginal intercourse. This is natural, given that attention to adolescent sexual activity arose initially out of concerns over the far-reaching problems associated with teenage pregnancy and childbearing. More recently, infection with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), particularly with HIV, has fueled further public and scientific interest in teenage sexual behavior. But to what extent does adolescent sexual activity consist of noncoital behaviorsthat is, mutual masturbation, oral sex and anal intercoursethat are not linked to pregnancy but involve the risk of STDs? Some of these activities may also be precursors to vaginal intercourse. Yet, health professionals and policymakers know very little about their prevalence among teenagers. There are several explanations for this dearth of information. One is the perceived difficulty of getting parents to consent to surveys on the sexual activity of their minor children (generally aged 17 and younger). Another is a generalized fear that asking young people about sex will somehow lead them to choose to have sex. The conflicts and passions usually surrounding the appropriateness of asking young people about sex, especially in public settings such as schools as compared with private households, become even more inflamed when the questions go into behaviors "beyond" intercourse. Another reason is the federal government's reluctance to spon...

IRVING Surname Meaning and Family History

IRVING Surname Meaning and Family History The Irving surname generally  originated as a geographical surname, indicating someone who was from Irving, the name of a historic parish in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, or from Irvine in Strathclyde, Scotland.   It may also be a variant of Irvine, a habitational surname for someone from Irvine in Ayrshire, which is named for the  river Irvine that originates in Ayrshire and flows through Dumfriesshire, from the Welsh ir, yr,  meaning green or fresh, and afon, meaning water.   Surname Origin: Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings: IRVINE, IRVIN, IRWIN, IRWINE, URVINE, ERWIN, ERWINE, ERVING Where in the World is the IRVING Surname Found? While it originated in Scotland, the Irving surname is now most prevalent in the United States, according to surname distribution data from Forebears. However, it is more common, based on percentage of population, in Jamaica, followed by Micronesia, Isle of Man, Scotland, New Zealand, Taiwan and England. Within Scotland, Irving is still most common in Dumfriesshire, where it originated, ranking as the 3rd most popular surname in that area at the time of the 1881 census. The Irving surname is also popular in the Cumbria and Northumberland counties of England, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, followed by the Dumfries and Galloway council district in Scotland. It is also more common in Canada than in the United States, especially in Nova Scotia.   Famous People with the Last Name IRVING Sir Henry Irving -  British stage actor during the Victorian eraT. B. (Thomas Ballantyne) Irving  - publisher of the first American English translation of the QuranThomas Irving - Union navy sailor during the U.S. Civil War; recipient of the Medal of Honor for helping to rescue his grounded shipEdward Irving - Scottish clergymanWashington Irving - American author  best known for his short stories Rip Van Winkle (1819) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820). Genealogy Resources for the Surname IRVING Clan IrwinLearn about the history of this ancient Scottish border clan, plus upcoming events and tours. Clan Irwin Surname DNA StudyTradition recorded in the 17th century claims that the Irvines or Irvings of Eskdale and Bonshaw (in Dumfriesshire, in the Scottish Borders),  Castle Irvine (in Co.  Fermanagh,  in Ulster), Drum and Marr (in Aberdeenshire), Mearns (Kincardineshire), Orkney and Perthshire were all descended from a single ancestor, who was also the progenitor of the kings of Scotland from 1034 to 1286.  This study, with over 400 members, aims to use Y-DNA testing to sort out the various family branches. Most Common Scottish Surnames and their MeaningsCampbell, Stewart, Wilson, Reid, MacDonald... Are you one of the millions of  individuals of  Scottish ancestry sporting one of these top common last names from Scotland?   Irving Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Irving  family crest or coat of arms for the Irving surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - IRVING GenealogyExplore over 400,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Irving surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. IRVING Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Vanderbilt surname. DistantCousin.com - IRVING Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Irving. The Irving Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Irving from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Police Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Police Policy - Essay Example How or when to apply force has been a long standing debate for at least a few decades, and there is still a whole lot that needs to be worked out in this regard. There have been many conflicts as to how this should be done because there is a major lack of agreement as to how situations such as these should be handled. As a result of the lack of agreement on how force should be applied, there are still no solid resolutions that are in place to benefit both police officers and civilians. Liberal individuals favor seeing to it that even the criminals have all of their civil rights and liberties, even though these criminals may have committed a brutal crime. These liberal individuals also favor the use of restrictions on when police officers should be allowed to shoot to kill, as well as when to use violent weapons to apply force. Then, there are those who are all for traditional police policies as it pertains to force. Individuals who support tradition in this regard favor tactics that may almost border police brutality. These individuals feel that police officers must do whatever they need to in order to maintain control, even if it may violate the right of an individual who does not deserve such treatment. Then, there are those individuals who are in the middle with these issues, and thee individuals are neither liberal nor traditional. They feel that the police should use whatever method of force that is necessary to control criminals, but a level of respect should be given to those who deserve it. These individuals feel that such a thing should be a balancing act and that policies should be made to enforce this. Some things have been discussed in regards to finding a happy medium for all, and some policies have even been implemented in some areas with a great deal of success; however, there is still a lack of uniformity in that these policies are not applied all over. There are five major issues that are in relation to police force policies that really need to be addressed for the safety of both police officers and civilians. One very major issue that is in relation to police force policies is that sometimes, police make severe errors in judgment in situations where one's life is taken for the sake of self defense. In some cases, a criminal may become so unmanageable that it is necessary for the police officers to shoot to kill to keep from getting severely injured themselves. Sometimes, however, wrong judgments are made, and officers become quick to use their guns, and lives are taken unnecessarily. This especially happens if officers are abusing their power or may make a judgment based on a bias of race or gender, which happens all too often. Concerning the errors of judgment on the part of police officers when it comes to situations where a life must be taken for the sake of self defense, an article titled "Personality and Cognitive Processes in Life and Death Decision Making: An Exploration into the Source of Judgment Errors by Police Special Squads" states that errors in judgment can be made as a res ult of personality traits, as they can sometimes get in the way and influence decisions. In addition to this, more may be expected of officers than the experience they may actually have. For instance, an officer may be asked to perform a

Carrer alternatives analysis report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Carrer alternatives analysis report - Case Study Example Job prospects 11 Salary 12 Actuarial profession 13 Job responsibilities of an Actuary 13 Working Conditions 14 Educational qualification 14 Licenses and other qualifications 15 Job prospects 15 Salary 16 Recommendations and Conclusion 16 References 18 Executive Summary The role and scope of a finance professional in the present economic conditions includes pricing of new products, price classification, forecasting challenges and issues in the operating environment, planning strategic moves, estimating the size and extent of loss distribution, establishing loss reserves, monitoring solvency, calculating premium levels, and assessing the credibility of projects and transactions. The existing business environment has presented the organizations with numerous complexities that act as constraints in implementing new policies and strategies while at the same time presenting increased opportunities to expand and grow. The exposure to risk has increased manifolds that require efficient model s for rating and assessing the feasibility of operations (beanactuary.com, 2009). The report provides an in-depth assessment of two career alternatives – Finance Controller and Actuaries. Introduction A career in finance and accounting is gaining popularity. In any company or an organization the study of the numbers or finance is the most crucial and important decision. This is used to gauge what and where the company is heading to. This guides the management to take further actions pertaining to the interest of the company. The study of the market, investment plans, investment brokers etc are some of the arrear which a person can opt for in the field of finance. The increasing range of products and services offered by financial services today and the growing complexity of the operating... According to the research findings the role and demand of the financial controllers and the actuaries is a continuous process. The job seekers are likely to face competition in the field of accounting. For the financial controller, the knowledge of finance, a complex financial instrument etc is a mandate and for the Actuarial a strong foundation in mathematics is essential. Both the roles are of utmost importance to a company or an organization. The difference is the nature of work. A financial controller is expected to regulate, guide the financial condition of an organization. An Actuarial helps the companies to develop health and long term insurance policies by their calculations and predictions. A Finance Controller will help the company by calculating and evaluating the numbers obtained and by predicting the performance based on these measurements. An Actuarial helps both the company and the consumer as it keeps a check on the number of the occurrence of a disease and helps the companies by calculating the premium based on which the company itself can survive even in any odd situation. The emerging times that are characterized by tough economic conditions and financial challenges will witness an increasing demand for actuaries. Monetary and fiscal policies are highly instrumental in regulating the country’s economy and creating market stability. The impact of these changes on the Actuarial profession is visible in the increasing demand for individual practitioners and consultants who can provide adequate support to organizations and managers in the decision making process.

College app Essay Example for Free

College app Essay 1. Obtain applications. Applications can be obtained online at college websites; downloadable and electronic applications are now available at most college websites. In fact, most colleges now prefer that applicants complete their online application (as opposed to the printable paper application), as it is more efficient for them and for you. Application fees may be waived by some schools if you use the electronic applications. However, if you would like to complete the application by hand, you may obtain a printable version online or by calling, writing, or emailing to request an application and information. Some applications are available in the Career Center (check with Ms. Roth). NOTE: Students are responsible for completing and mailing their college applications, essays, and processing fees to the college to which they are applying. All of your application â€Å"pieces† do not have to be mailed at the same time. As materials are received, the colleges will create â€Å"your† file. After submitting applications, you will want to follow up with each college to make sure that they have received all â€Å"pieces† of your application so that they can begin to evaluate your application. 2. Schedule a Senior Interview with your Counselor. Counselors will be meeting individually with you to discuss your post-graduation plans and to discuss how they can help you with the process and with your plans. If you are applying Early Decision or Early Action schedule a conference in SEPTEMBER. 3. Complete your Activity Sheet, Counselor Recommendation Brag Sheet and Parent Brag Sheets. Pick up the brag sheets and an example of an Activity sheet from your school counselor, Career Center or on Family Connection in the Document Library section. 4. Students must complete an Annandale High School Transcript Request and Release of Records form at least three weeks prior to the college’s application deadline in order to give our student services staff ample time to process your transcript and/or letter of recommendation. This form can be retrieved from Ms. Garman in the Office of Student Services or in the Family Connection Document Library. Once completed and signed by you and your parent, the form should be returned to Ms. Garman along with the following for each college you’re applying to: The college’s Secondary School Report Form (if required), a typed copy of your Activity Sheet, an AHS envelope address to the college’s Office of Admission and TWO stamps. If applying to more than 3 schools a $5. 00 fee is required for each additional school. Once the process is completed, your information will be mailed from our office to the colleges to which you’re applying. 5. Obtain teacher or counselor recommendations. Students should refer to each college’s application to find out how many recommendations are required, if any. Not all schools require a recommendation. For Teacher recommendations, students must give the teacher one self-addressed, stamped envelope for EACH school to which they are applying. The teacher will then mail the recommendation directly to each college. Again, Please be sure to give them at least 3 weeks notice on getting a letter of recommendation out. We recommend that Juniors ask their teachers if they’d be willing to write them a letter of recommendation for college at the end of their Junior year. For Counselor recommendations, students should fill out the Counselor Recommendation Brag Sheet and attach a typed or written Activity sheet or Resume of Activities. In addition, the student’s parent or guardian must fill out the Parent Information Sheet. Please be very detailed when filling out these forms. When finished, these forms should be given to your counselor at least three weeks prior to the college’s application deadline. Please note that your counselor will not write a letter of recommendation until these forms are received and a senior meeting has been held. 6. Register for all admissions tests†¦SAT I, SAT II, ACT, and TOEFL. Fee waivers are available for students who receive free or reduced Lunch. Please ask your school counselor for a test fee waiver. Colleges require that student test scores be sent directly to them via Collegeboard (www. collegeboard. com) or ACT (www. act. org) or TOEFL (www. toefl. org). You may send your scores free of charge to a maximum of 4 schools if they are sent within the designated window of opportunity. You will have to pay a fee for any additional scores sent. 7. Begin Scholarship searches NOW! Do not wait until you have been accepted to college to begin your search for money! A good place to start would be scholarship database in Family Connection under the â€Å"College Tab† if you don’t know where this is, see Ms. Roth in the Career Center. 8. Keep organized. Put each school’s materials in its own folder and create a check list for each application. Identify deadlines!!! Remember that application deadlines and financial aid deadlines are often times different dates. 9. Don’t succumb to Senioritis! Don’t stop working after you have been accepted; you have been accepted to a college provided you finish out your second semester satisfactorily! Colleges are not afraid to change their mind on their decision to accept you. 10. RELAX! DON’T STRESS OUT! If you are, please see your counselor or Mrs. Roth in the Career Center for help with the process.

Odyssey :: essays research papers

In Homer’s epic, The Odyssey, various aspects of the ancient Greeks are revealed through the actions, characters, plot, and wording. Homer uses his skill as a playwright, poet, and philosopher to inform the audience of the history, prides, and achievements of the ancient Greeks, and, also, to tell of the many values and the multi-faceted culture of the ancient Greek caste. The Greeks had numerous values and customs, of which the primary principles are the mental characteristics of an individual, the physical characteristics of an individual, the recreations and pastimes the Greeks enjoyed, the way in which a host treats a guest, the religious aspects, and finally, the Greeks’ view on life, revealed in The Odyssey which shows and defines their culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most prominent of the mental characteristics the ancient Greeks valued was the cleverness and the wit of an individual. This can be discerned from The Odyssey because of many instances and events in which Odysseus uses his brain’s wit and other tricks to get himself out of a risky situation. Examples of this are when he tells Polyphemos the Cyclopes that his name is Nobody, when he overcomes Circe’s magic with the help of moly, when he fills his men’s ears with wax and ties himself to a post so that he and his men can get by the Sirens safely, and when he disguises himself as a beggar and reveals his true identity to few. Odysseus is by “far the best of mortal men for counsel and stories'; (Bk. XIII, 297 – 298). Also, Odysseus is said to be able to match a god in wits and trickery (Bk. XIII, 291 – 295). Penelope, Odysseus’ wife also uses her wit and trickery to get herself out of situations. An example of this i s when she pretends to be weaving a shroud for Laertes, but actually undoes at night as much as she had done in the morning. Athene, the goddess of wisdom, provides another example of the usage of wit and tricks. Athene disguises Odysseus as a beggar and also surrounds him with a mist numerous times so that his former acquaintances will not see or recognize him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other significant mental characteristics that the Greeks valued are faithfulness and loyalty. There are many, many examples of loyalty and faithfulness in The Odyssey. The four most significant examples are Penelope, Eumaios, Philoitois, and Argos.

Different sociological views on changes Essay

â€Å"Examine different sociological views on changes in the experience of childhood in the last 50 years or so.†(24 marks) Childhood is a special time of life; where children are fundamentally different from adults, it is time that is based solely on society. Children are seen as physically and emotionally incompetent and therefore need influence and guidance of adults to be prepared with life skills needed to be independent; children are seen as most important. According to Aries (1962), childhood can be defined as being a social construct; something that is created and defined by society. Children had been seen as being like ‘mini adults’ and being an economic liability rather than being treated like children and being unconditionally loved by their parents. The elements of the modern childhood gradually began to emerge from the 13th century onwards. Schools started to specialise purely on the education of the young. There was a growing distinction between adult and children clothing. By the 18th century there was a sign of the growing child-centred of family life, mostly among the middle classes. According to Aries these developments lead to the ‘cult of childhood’. He argues that we have moved from a world that did not see childhood as in any way special, to a world that is obsessed with childhood. He describes the 20th century as the ‘century of the child’. Some sociologists have criticised Aries for arguing that childhood did not exist in the past. Linda Pollock (1983) argues that it is more correct to say that in the middle ages society simply had a different view of childhood. Aries definition of childhood as a social construction can also be supported by cross-cultural differences and more specifically Punch (2001).Punch had studied children in Bolivia and found that at age 5 children were expected to work and take responsibilities. This cultural variation shows childhood to be a social construction as if it were biological everyone would have the same experiences. However, changes have been made and it is now made clear by Pilcher, that childhood is now becoming separate from adulthood. Childhood is seen as a  clear and distinct life stage and children in our society occupy a separate status from adults. Children also differ from adults through the differences in dress. Pilcher argues that children have only started to be seen as vulnerable and innocent recently when laws started defining what they can and cannot do. Also now that we are in a ‘golden age’ of innocence and vulnerability adults have then decided children need more protection from the adult world. Functionalist sociologists agree with the ‘March of Progress’ view, as they believe that the experience of childhood has massively improved over the last 50 years. They take the view that childhood is socially constructed and vary between times, places and even cultures. There are important differences between childhoods in western societies today as compared with European societies in the past. For example, in the middle ages, child labour was a basic fact of life for most children; schooling was only available for the wealthy. The ‘March of Progress’ view argues that, over the past few centuries, the position of children in western societies have been improving. Aries also holds the ‘March of Progress’ view. They argue that todays children are more valued, better cared for, protected, educated and have more rights. For example, children today are protected from harm and exploitation by laws against child abuse and child labour. Conflict sociologists such as Marxists and Feminists argue against the ‘March of Progress’ view that the position of children has improved dramatically in a relatively short period of time. They argue that society is based on a conflict between different social groups such as social classes or genders. In this conflict, some groups have more power, status and wealth than others. They also argue that the ‘March of Progress’ view of modern childhood is based on a false and idealised image that ignores important inequalities. Firstly the conflict sociologists say that there are inequalities among children in terms of opportunities and risks they face; many today remain  unprotected and badly cared for. For example, poor mothers are more likely to have low birth-weight babies, which could lead to intellectual developments. Secondly, the inequalities between children and adults are greater than ever: children today experience greater control, greater care and protection. For example, neglect and abuse. In relation to this all, Neil Postman (1994) argues that childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’. He points to the tends towards giving children the same rights as adults, the growing similarity of adult and children clothing, are taking part in adult activities like smoking and drinking and are committing adult crimes such as murder. These ideas clearly demonstrate that societies need for children to act older than they are is causing trouble psychologically for children. On the other hand, unlike Postman Iona Opie (1993) argues that childhood is not disappearing. She argues that there is strong evidence of the continued existence of a separate children’s culture. Her studies show that children can and they do create their own independent culture separate from adults. This contradicts Postmans claim that children’s own unsupervised games are dying out. In conclusion, the evidence suggests that ‘March of Progress’ view that the status of childhood has improved is much stronger. Although the conflict views are true to some extent, in terms of inequality, there is a clear improvement in the status of children in the society in comparison to previous generations.

Essay Nursing Ethic

In these situations I feel it is my duty to try to reach out to each patient from where they are coming room. If I have a patient who does not speak English utilize a trained interpreter or our Curaà §ao phone to help communicate with my patient. Sometimes this can be time consuming and put us behind schedule. We only have one interpreter and she is eve busy so sometimes we have to wait quite awhile for her to be available. This can put our providers behind schedule.It is very tempting in these situations to allow an employee who is not a trained interpreter but speaks the same language, or a family member to interpret. However, this does not follow clinic protocol and therefore is unethical. I work n an internal medicine clinic and most of our patients have multiple health issues. It would be very unfortunate if we missed a subtle but important change in the patient's health history because we didn't wait for the trained medical interpreter.The ethical dilemma in this situation is whether I should wait for the appropriate interpreter and potentially run the risk of frustrating sick patients who have to wait a long time to see their backed up provider, frustrate staff members who may not get a full lunch break or have to stay late because or utilize an inappropriate interpreter and take the chance of going something important in the translation. In my opinion, everyone deserves the best possible medical care regardless of where they are from or what language they speak. Legalize that morals are a very personal thing and that my morals may be different from the people I am caring for. I cannot let this change the way treat my patients. Sometimes this can be very difficult. When I worked in the operating room We had many traumas involving gang members who had been shot while committing a crime. We still had to work just as hard to save these people as we would anyone else. We used a lot of resources and did what we could to save them. I always found it startling how the staff members in the OR would talk about these people as we worked on them.I get that they are criminals but they are also human beings. Are job was to keep them alive, not judge them. This said, I had a situation that really caught me off guard and made it very difficult for my to be kind to this patient. I grew up in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood in a suburb of Chicago in the ass's. Almost everyone I knew had a family member who was a concentration camp sun,'ivory. It was an everyday occurrence to see an older person with the dreaded â€Å"tattoo† on their forearms. While interviewing my patient before going back to the OR we were talking and everything was fine.It wasn't until had to check her leg to make sure the surgery site was marked that I noticed she had a portrait tattoo of Doll Hitler. I was astounded. She had seemed perfectly polite and appropriate. Suddenly I could hardly look at her. I'm sure my voice became very short and clipped. Once we got her to sleep I couldn't stop talking (to anybody who would listen) about how appalled I was with her tattoo and her probable belief system. It wasn't until much later that I realized that I really let my own feelings interfere with the best possible treatment of my patient.The ethical dilemma in this situation is, should we treat unkind people the way we treat we would want to be treated. I feel very strongly about respecting others cultural beliefs, even when it comes to health choices made that may not think are the best thing for the patient. The only time I really struggle with this is when the men in a family want to make health decisions for the women. My personal opinion is â€Å"if it's not your body, stay out of it†. However, unless the woman is being physically abused, it's none of my business.All I can do is give them the best possible information regarding their health, educate them in a culturally sensitive manner and offer them appropriate resources; the rest is up to them. Some days it can be very had to take others morals, values and ethics into consideration. I really try' to remember to treat others the way they want to be treated and not necessarily the way want to be treated. For someone as opinionated as me, this can be a struggle. Everyday is a new chance to do the best I can for my patients and I feel blessed to have the opportunity to do so.

Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field

â€Å"Mandatory Testing In The Medical Field† Should AIDS testing be mandatory in the medical field? Of course it should. In a study done by the Washington Post in 1989, it was found that 5,815 health care workers had AIDS, this included 42 surgeons. It is known that 40 of those 5,815 contracted it through infected patients. Which means when a person goes to the hospital for any reason any one there could have this disease and very easily pass it on to them unknowingly. Is this the kind of risk patients should have to take. Obviously they are there for some type of illness already, do we need to add a more serious one to the list. One way to narrow the risk of contracting AIDS through health care workers using mandatory testing is by having those health care workers who test positive reveal their results to their patients. Some people believe this is a breech of confidentiality. According to Dr. Lonnie Britow, an AMA Trustee in California, â€Å"The implications are different from any other test that can be run†¦ other diseases don’t mean u lose your job and your insurance coverage† (Chicago Tribune, online). Does this mean that a person’s job and insurance coverage is more important than their patient’s lives. There is a case in which a 23 year old women named Kimberly Berghlis contracted AIDS from her dentist, Dr. David Acer. Now because this woman decided to go to Dr. Acer for her dental work she now has AIDS. Is that fair? Of course not. If Dr. Acer would have taken the proper precautions to protect his patients, either by using proper equipment or by revealing his results, this woman may have been able to lead a healthy life. Instead because of his carelessness or even thoughtlessness she was infected with the virus. Another way to narrow the possibility of contacting AIDS through mandatory testing is once known a person has AIDS, they should be limited to certain procedures that they may perform. F... Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field â€Å"Mandatory Testing In The Medical Field† Should AIDS testing be mandatory in the medical field? Of course it should. In a study done by the Washington Post in 1989, it was found that 5,815 health care workers had AIDS, this included 42 surgeons. It is known that 40 of those 5,815 contracted it through infected patients. Which means when a person goes to the hospital for any reason any one there could have this disease and very easily pass it on to them unknowingly. Is this the kind of risk patients should have to take. Obviously they are there for some type of illness already, do we need to add a more serious one to the list. One way to narrow the risk of contracting AIDS through health care workers using mandatory testing is by having those health care workers who test positive reveal their results to their patients. Some people believe this is a breech of confidentiality. According to Dr. Lonnie Britow, an AMA Trustee in California, â€Å"The implications are different from any other test that can be run†¦ other diseases don’t mean u lose your job and your insurance coverage† (Chicago Tribune, online). Does this mean that a person’s job and insurance coverage is more important than their patient’s lives. There is a case in which a 23 year old women named Kimberly Berghlis contracted AIDS from her dentist, Dr. David Acer. Now because this woman decided to go to Dr. Acer for her dental work she now has AIDS. Is that fair? Of course not. If Dr. Acer would have taken the proper precautions to protect his patients, either by using proper equipment or by revealing his results, this woman may have been able to lead a healthy life. Instead because of his carelessness or even thoughtlessness she was infected with the virus. Another way to narrow the possibility of contacting AIDS through mandatory testing is once known a person has AIDS, they should be limited to certain procedures that they may perform. F...

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions Teachers are faced with writing objective tests and quizzes throughout the year. The main types of objective questions that teachers typically choose to include are multiple choice, matching, true-false, and fill-in-the-blank. Most teachers attempt to get a mix of these types of questions in order to best cover the objectives that were part of the lesson plan. Fill-in-the-blank questions are a common type of question due to their ease of creation and usefulness in classes across the curriculum. They are considered an objective question because there is only one possible answer that is correct. Questions Stems: who (is, was)what (is)when (did)where (did) These stems are typically used to measure a wide variety of relatively simple skills and specific knowledge. These include the: Knowledge of termsKnowledge of principles, methods, or proceduresKnowledge of specific factsSimple interpretation of data There are a number of advantages to fill-in-the-blank questions. They provide an excellent means for measuring specific knowledge, they reduce guessing by the students, and they force the student to supply the answer. In other words, teachers can get a real feel for what their students actually know. These questions work well across a variety of classes. Following are a few examples: Math teachers use these questions when they want the student to provide the answer without showing their work. Example: : The atomic number of Oxygen is _____.Language Arts teachers can use these questions to identify quotes, characters, and other basic concepts. Example: I am the Canterbury Tales pilgrim who was married five times. _____.Foreign language teachers find these types of questions useful because they allow the teacher to judge not only the students understanding of a particular word but also how it should be written. Example: Jai _____ (hungry). Constructing Excellent Fill-In-The-Blank Questions Fill-in-the-blank questions seem quite easy to create. With these types of questions, you do not have to come up with answer choices as you do for multiple choice questions. However, even though they appear to be easy, realize that there are a number of issues that might arise when creating these types of questions. Following are some tips and suggestions that you can use as you write these questions for your class assessments. Only use fill-in-the-blank questions for testing major points, not specific details.Indicate the units and degree of precision expected. For example, on a math question whose answer is a number of decimal places, make sure that you say how many decimal places you want the student to include.Omit only keywords.Avoid too many blanks in one item. It is best to only have one or two blanks for students to fill in per question.When possible, put blanks near the end of the item.Do not provide clues by adjusting the length of the blank or the number of blanks. When you have finished constructing the assessment, be sure to take the assessment yourself. That will help you be certain that each question has only one possible answer. This is a common mistake that often leads to extra work on your part. Limitations of Fill-In-The-Blank Questions There are a number of limitations that teachers should understand when using fill-in-the-blank questions: They are poor for measuring complex learning tasks. Instead, they are typically used for general knowledge questions on the lowest levels of Blooms Taxonomy.They must be written very specifically and carefully (as with all items).A word bank can provide accurate information just as well as an assessment without a word bank.Students who are poor spellers might experience problems. It is important for you to decide if that spelling is going to count against the student and if so for how many points. Student Strategies for Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Do not answer a question until you have read it all the way through.Always do the easiest and most obvious questions first.Pay attention to the language of the question (verb tense) as a cluePay attention to a word bank (if one is provided) and use the process of eliminationRead through after each answer to make sure it sounds right.

LAW2044 LAW OF TORT II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2044 LAW OF TORT II - Essay Example However, unlike the other three, the commission of a battery may not have intent to do harm but what must be present is the intentional contact or physical contact between the doer of the crime and recipient4. This follows the principles surrounding mens rea and actus reus which in theory implies that there can be no criminal liability based on mens rea alone, but if the actus reus element of a crime is defined then it may potentially turn in to a guilt offence.5 In battery, there are two circumstances that may arise wherein it would constitute as battery (1) intent to cause harm or offensive body contact and/or (2) intend to cause an imminent apprehension of a harmful or offensive bodily contact.6 When for example, A throws a dagger at B, A expressed an intention to commit battery against B. But in the event that B throws a dagger at A but intends to miss but making A think that she would be hit, then that is still battery.7 The statement made by Trindade categorically separates bat tery from assault. Assault requires no physical contact but is a direct threat by the defendant which intentionally places the claimant in reasonable apprehension of an imminent battery.8 This is illustrated in the 1970 battery case where the defendant filed a case of battery against the policeman on the grounds that the policeman tapped the shoulder of the defendant to get his/her attention. The court found that the grounds of the battery charges were not enough to punish the police officer.9 While in the case of Collins v Wilcock, the policewoman grabbed the upper arm of the woman she was questioning to prevent her from walking out on her, and in response, the woman being questioned scratched the policewoman. The woman was charged with assaulting a police officer but the court found that the actions of the policewoman were enough to be convicted for a battery charge and the charges against the woman being questioned was lifted since her actions was to defend herself.10 In the case of R v Parmenter, the father of the baby was charged with four counts of causing GBH to his son. The baby sustained injuries to his bone structure of his legs and arms. The injuries were caused by the father’s mishandling of the baby. Although the father did not know that his actions would cause injuries to his son, the jury believed that the father should have prevented it by taking necessary measures to be more knowledgeable on how to handle a baby. The father was convicted with the four counts of GBH.11 It is the considered view of this writer that the overt act or mere physical contact should constitute as battery if taken against the will of the recipient. The intention to have contact even without the intent to do harm should be considered as a tortuous act. Emotional or psychological distress would accrue if the threat of harm is present. The elements and definition of the act should consider the psychological and emotional distress inflicted even if there was no inte nt to harm. The mere attempt should be considered tortuous since the possibility of physical harm will cause emotional and psychological distress therefore this should be given weight and credence when a person is charged with battery. Part B Question (a) The right of a person to enjoy a property12 is considered a basic human right and therefore, its peaceful

Chinese martial arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese martial arts - Essay Example Conclusively, these arts have a significant role in the lives of those who practice them. Understanding these important roles has seen the Chinese martial arts become more popular among people of other cultures, which has ultimately led to their adoption across the world and integration into the cultural settings of non-Chinese populations. In particular, they are seemingly centered upon improving the physical strength and adaptability of the individual, enhancing muscular formation and keeping the body fit and flexible. As the influence of the Chinese spreads around the world, Chinese martial arts have found new homes across the many places where the Chinese have settled either temporarily or permanently. The beauty of the martial arts coupled with their health benefits has seen them penetrate the Western culture, where some of the acts are changed to suit the local cultures. However, many more of the martial arts practices have remained in their original form. Several aspects of the Chinese culture and traditions are reflected through martial arts, largely taken loosely in the outside world to be Kung Fu, but which is indeed a misconception of Chinese terms by foreigners. Such attempts to try and interpret the traditional Chinese cultural aspects to more understandable standards for the outside world indicate their growing influence and popularity globally. However, they have remained distinctively unique to the inventors and partly vague to the outside world. As noted by Theeboom and Vertoghen, more cultural aspects of the Chinese are captured by their exercising the martial arts than any onlooker from a non-Chinese community would notice.1 This highlights the fact that understanding the cultural values embedded in Kung Fu requires a vast understanding of the Chinese culture. From here we mark our journey of investigating what martial arts stand for in contemporary China. Translated into its component words, the phrase martial arts in Chinese

Gay couples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gay couples - Essay Example in Cooke, para.2), that two men or women can raise kids better in terms of sexual growth, than a man or a woman in a traditional home setting. Kids of gay couples do not have to see one of their parents involved in extra-marital affairs. They do not have to see their moms and dads fighting with each other every day (Sharee). Kids pay little attention to what the relationship between their parents is, or whether or not their relationship relates to societal norms or not. All they want is love, of parents towards them and also towards each other. So, the relationship between parents has nothing to do with children becoming homo- or hetero-sexual. To conclude, children of same-sex couples are all the same as children of gay couples. They get full attention from their parents, and this is all that is needed for healthy sexual growth. Becoming a homosexual is a matter of abnormal sexual orientation by nature, and not by

Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Using Lawsonia Inermis Extract

Corrosion Inhibition of Metal Using Lawsonia Inermis Extract Introduction Metal and alloy are widely used in various fields of industries. It’s commonly used in big industries such as manufacturing, processing and others. But metal and alloy used tend to face the corroded state due to the exposure to different chemical and substances that can lead to the corrosion. This phenomenon has become important especially in acidic media because of the increased industrial applications of acid solutions. For examples in industrial refining crude oil, acid pickling, industrial cleaning, acid descaling, oil-well acid in oil recovery and the petrochemical processes. Corrosion happens when the equipment surface was attacked by a strong acid. So in order to prevent the corrosion happen, inhibitors have been used to reduce the rate of metal corrosion. Corrosion inhibitor is a chemical that can slow down the acid attacked which can lead to the corrosion on the drill pipe, tubing or any other metal that contacted with acid during treatment. This chemical when added even in small concentration on corrosive media, it will prevent the reaction between metal and media. Many studies have been carried out to find the suitable compound that can be used as inhibitors. These studies reported that, both synthetic compound and plant extract can be used as corrosion inhibitors. But, usage synthetic compound as inhibitor has been limited. Most of them are highly toxic to both human and environmental. Therefore, non-toxic and natural inhibitors such as plant extract have been used because of their environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable source. One of the plant extract that have been used as inhibitor is Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) extract. Henna is an herb which has dyeing properties used in Asia and North Africa. Inhibitive action of henna extract as a cheap, eco-friendly and naturally occurring inhibition on some metal such as aluminium, iron, zinc and nickel in acidic, neutral and alkaline solution has been investigated. Literature Review In order to avoid from use synthetic compound, there are other alternative compound which can be used as an inhibitor. Previous research has been carried out and proved that plant extract can be use in corrosion inhibition. Plant extract consists of chemical compositions lead to prevent metal from corroded. But Buchweishaija (2008) state that among of the plant extract, Lawsonia inermis (henna leaves) was the good one due to the high inhibition efficiency of henna leaves extract. Furthermore, the large amount of henna leaves exist which makes it easy to find it in the Asia and North Africa. Also the most important thing is the unique chemical composition present in Lawsonia inermis by functioning as an inhibitor.    Chemical Composition of Henna Leaves Research was carried out to determine the chemical composition contain in henna leaves that can act as corrosion inhibitor. It has been discovered that henna leaves contain soluble matter, Lawsone (2- Hydroxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, C10H6O3), gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O5) and dextrose (ÃŽ ±-D-Glucose, C6H12O6) (Ostovari et al., 2009). Henna leaves also contain other chemical such as resin, coumarins, sterols and tannin (Ostovari et al., 2009). The main components of henna extract are hydroxy aromatic compound like tannin and Lawsone. Tannin or also known as tannic acid present with a core glucose and methyl gallate groups (El-Etre et al., 2005). Tannin which acts as an inhibitor attributes the formation of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Boot Mercer, 1964). Besides, Lawsone also a main part of henna extract that had been mentioned earlier. The structure of Lawsone is shown in Figure 2.1 below. Figure 2.1: Lawsone structure (C10H6O3) (Hamdy Nour, 2012) The Figure 2.1 above shows that, Lawsone structure consists of benzene, p-benzoquinone and phenolic group (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012). By looking at the structure in Lawsone, we can know that henna extract is an organic compound and the IUPAC name for the Lawsone structure is 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (Rajedran et al., 2009). Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with various metal cations and then forming a complex compound. So it can perform corrosion inhibition on metal through absorption method (Ostovari et al., 2009). Mechanism of inhibition The mechanism of inhibition involves blocking metal surface by inhibiting through adsorption. Adsorption process is affected by nature of metal and chemical structure of the inhibitor (Ostovari et al., 2009). The obtain results from previous studies indicate that Lawsonia inermis extract achieve good inhibition for the corrosion of any metal such as C-steel, nickel, and zinc in various mediums of solution (El-Etre et al.,2005). To perform the inhibitory action, there are some components in henna extract which will act as inhibitors. As had been stated earlier, the main components of Lawsonia inermis extract are hydroxy aromatic compound which consists tannin and Lawsone (El-Etre et al., 2005). Both tannin and Lawsone have its own function and mechanism to perform the inhibition action between the metal and henna extract successfully. Tannin The first component is tannin. The inhibitive action of tannin was ascribed to the establishment of a passivating layer of tannates on the metal surface (Rajagopalan et al., 1969; Booth Mercer, 1964). The formation of complex compounds with different metal cations can be form by tannin component especially in the basic media. El-Etre et al. (2005) reported that the formation of tannin complexes may be working well for the inhibition in the alkaline media rather than acidic solution it because tannins are limited inhibition in acidic media. Thus, tannin component in Lawsonia inermis extract is suitable to use in the manufacture of anti-rusting paints and coating. Lawsone The other main element in the Lawsonia inermis extract is Lawsone which has higher concentration than other elements. Lawsone molecule is a ligand that can chelate with metal cations which will form complex compounds. Ligands typically consist in organic compound. Insoluble complex was formed when metal cations combine with Lawsone molecule and it was absorbed on the metal surface. This is how Lawsone compound give inhibition action to the metal. There is such method that can prove the formation of metal complex which the method is conductometric titration.                           Mechanism of Conductometric Titration Method Often, conductometric titration was conducted to obtain substantial support for the formation of metal complex (Amin, 2002). Several procedures were conducted to confirm the formation of metal complexes. Conductance measurement was carried out with a Jenway 4510 conductivity meter. Lawsonia inermis extract was titrated in separated experiments with some metal in solutions that have different pH value. As the result of the titration, non-complexes of metal ion was reacted with reagent first which leads it to a reduction in the conductivity of the solution. However, the higher amount of ligand (henna extract) does not change the value of conductivity (Ostovari et al., 2009). These results signify that the formation of metal-complex through the chelation of Lawsone molecules and the metal cations with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 as shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Forms of Metal-Lawsonia complexes (El-Etre et al., 2005) So, it can be conclude that the inhibition action of Lawsone was happen and prove that henna leaves extract can act as inhibitor (Abdolahi Shadizadeh, 2012).                  Mechanism of Lawsone Rearrangement In the acidic solution or known as acidic media, aromatic compound whose structure include a cyclic delocalized Ï€-electron system are susceptible to electron delocalization, especially a ring containing only carbon such as benzene (Lide, 2006). Delocalization of Ï€-electron is to stabilize the molecule. As the bond angles of carbon in benzene are trigonal (sp2), then the ring become flat. So these angles just fit the 120o angles of a regular hexagon and this flatness allow the overlap of the p-orbitals in both directions that lead the delocalization and stabilization (Marrison Boyd, 1983). So that’s why it needs delocalization to stabilize the structure. In the other situation of Lawsone molecule in acidic media, delocalization of the lone pair of electrons on hydroxyl group takes place resulting in the rearrangement as shown in Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: Process of electron delocalization on the Lawsone molecule (Ostovari et al., 2009) The migration of the hydrogen atom with a pair of electrons from an adjacent carbon to the carbon bearing caused the rearrangement occur. Carbon that loses the migrating group obtained the positive charge. This is the most common kind of the rearrangement which known as 1,2- rearrangement. Then, with the existence of metal cations, it will enhance the complex formation of reaction (Ostovari et al., 2009). Then the complex formation reaction of rearrangement was enhanced by adding henna extract in solution. So, the metal complexes are stabilized. The formation of these stabilized complexes between Lawsone molecule and metal cations give the high inhibition efficiencies in acidic media. Besides, Mikhael et al (2004) reported that henna constituent has antioxidant characteristic particularly by the naphthoquinones. It also state that, gallic acid also can be used as an oxygen scavenger in boiler system (Soderquist, 1990). Therefore, the oxygen scavenger characteristic of henna extract was attributed to another mechanism for inhibition. However in the acidic media, the main cathodic reaction at the surface is a hydrogen evaluation (Ait Chikh et al., 2005). Hence, the oxygen scavenging characteristic of henna is not the main responsible mechanism for the observed inhibition of henna extract. In addition, it is confirmed that the inhibition mechanism is the chemisorption of inhibitor molecule on the metal surface and it had been verified through thermodynamic parameter and conductometric titration. So as a conclusion, the main inhibitor mechanism chemisorption is through the chemisorption of inhibitor molecules on metal surface. While, the inhibitive action slightly enh anced through oxygen scavenging. (Ostovori et al, 2009). Comparison Henna Extract with Other Inhibition There is another organic compound that can be used as inhibitor besides henna extract. Previous studies has been conducted to test the inhibition efficiency of henna and five other organic compound inhibitor used in acidizing treatment. Table 2.1 show the result of inhibition efficiency of these six inhibitors. Table 2.1: Inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA, and henna API steel (Abdollahi Shadizade, 2012) Refer to the Table 2.1 above; the inhibition efficiency was compared between Monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamines (DEA), Triethanolamines (TEA), Dibenzylidene acetone (DBA), Di-N-dimethylaminobenzylidene acetone (DDABA) and henna. The inhibition efficiency of MEA, DEA, TEA and henna at temperature 28oC are 82%, 80%, 78% and 85.98% respectively. Based on the result, it shows that henna has the higher inhibition efficiency than MEA, DEA and TEA. Morever as shown in Table 2.1, the inhibition efficiency of henna extract at 28oC is higher than inhibition efficiency of DDABA with 73.8% IE. Furthermore result also shown that inhibition concentration of henna extract is less than all inhibitors with the same temperature eventhough it have higher inhibition efficiency. So we can conclude that, with the small concentration of henna leaves extract, it can act as inhibitor with higher inhibition efficiency rather than other listed inhibitors which have larger concentration but average of inhibition efficiency is low than henna extract. In addition, research still focused to the amount of henna leaves extract in order to apply it in industries as now the amount of henna is quiet small to apply it. So, the experimental must be conducted by using larger amount of henna leaves and various metals Problem Statement Nowadays, metal and alloy are widely used in various industries especially in manufacturing and processing. But the problem is the metals used tend to faced corrosive when the surface of equipment attacked by strong acid media or any other media. But mostly, acidic media are the main causes for corrosive to happen due to the increasing of industrial application an acid solution. So in order to prevent from corrosion of metal, inhibitor has been used. However the use of synthetic compound as inhibitor is extremely dangerous either to the body and the environment due to the toxicity. Thus, studies are conducted to find the non-toxic and natural inhibitors. The study shows that plant extract can be used as corrosion inhibitor. One of them is henna leaves extract. Besides being environmentally acceptable and readily available, henna leaves extract also cheap as it’s easy to find in Asia and North Africa and renewable sources. Objectives There are few objectives that has been studies in order to solve corrosion phenomenon and carried out the research on corrosion inhibitor of metal by using Lawsonia inermis extract. The objectives are: Study of corrosion inhibition of metal by using henna leaves extract. Analysis mechanism of inhibition towards metal. Investigate the differences between henna leaves extract with other inhibitor.

Essay --

Sparkles, Dancing, Jumping, and Music great combination or do you not agree? Figure Skating as a result was mashed up together to create such a beautiful but dangerous sport. Skating as a Winter Olympic sport has a long history and even with the proper equipment can be dangerous. Figure skating was originated in Europe, it was first stared by an American though named Jackson Haines. Jackson was born in New York in 1840 and died in 1875 in Finland from Tuberculosis. There was a big skating/dancing craze they called it because it swept America because of the combination that Haines did with bringing Dance into the rink. There was local skating clubs that had been formed and also competitions but nothing serious was made from it until some years after the 19th century. In 1921 was when Figure skating was made and officially created from a Skating Association (known as U.S. Figure Skating). When the Association was made later on through the years more associations made and now there are more than 600 association's throughout the country. Until the early '20s there were no standards set for you to be able to compete or to perform. Today there is there are tests, figure, free skating, moves in the field, pair, dance and synchronized team skating all of it is measured and judged by a lot of the different branches of the associations of the sport. It is said that over the years no other country has won more Figure Skating medals or been more passionate about the sport more than the United States. About all the attention went to the women's singles, because the U.S. Women have won seven Olympic titles, and some have transformed from Ice Princesses into Entertainment Icons. One of the women is Sasha Cohen she won a silver medal, Sarah H... ...which could take forever to put on. It takes a lot of labor to make a single dress, Longmire who has been designing costumes says that they have to be constructed carefully for close-up photography. Longmire says that it is basically a bathing suit because its just a one piece outfit. Figure skating has it's interesting history, also it has it's danger zones, and it has it's beautiful equipment which makes the whole experience amazing. The History is long and full of very bright and great icons that have made there mark on the ice. The Dangers can also teach you what the risks are before you try something so you know the consequences. The Equipment is what makes the whole performance come alive and it will make you, you if you had your personality to the outfit and the right touch to everything. Figure skating can be something interesting, dangerous, and fun to do.

Angels Demons Chapter 102-105

102 Piazza Navona. Fountain of the Four Rivers. Nights in Rome, like those in the desert, can be surprisingly cool, even after a warm day. Langdon was huddled now on the fringes of Piazza Navona, pulling his jacket around him. Like the distant white noise of traffic, a cacophony of news reports echoed across the city. He checked his watch. Fifteen minutes. He was grateful for a few moments of rest. The piazza was deserted. Bernini's masterful fountain sizzled before him with a fearful sorcery. The foaming pool sent a magical mist upward, lit from beneath by underwater floodlights. Langdon sensed a cool electricity in the air. The fountain's most arresting quality was its height. The central core alone was over twenty feet tall – a rugged mountain of travertine marble riddled with caves and grottoes through which the water churned. The entire mound was draped with pagan figures. Atop this stood an obelisk that climbed another forty feet. Langdon let his eyes climb. On the obelisk's tip, a faint shadow blotted the sky, a lone pigeon perched silently. A cross, Langdon thought, still amazed by the arrangement of the markers across Rome. Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers was the last altar of science. Only hours ago Langdon had been standing in the Pantheon convinced the Path of Illumination had been broken and he would never get this far. It had been a foolish blunder. In fact, the entire path was intact. Earth, Air, Fire, Water. And Langdon had followed it†¦ from beginning to end. Not quite to the end, he reminded himself. The path had five stops, not four. This fourth marker fountain somehow pointed to the ultimate destiny – the Illuminati's sacred lair – the Church of Illumination. Langdon wondered if the lair were still standing. He wondered if that was where the Hassassin had taken Vittoria. Langdon found his eyes probing the figures in the fountain, looking for any clue as to the direction of the lair. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Almost immediately, though, he was overcome by an unsettling awareness. This fountain contained no angels whatsoever. It certainly contained none Langdon could see from where he was standing†¦ and none he had ever seen in the past. The Fountain of the Four Rivers was a pagan work. The carvings were all profane – humans, animals, even an awkward armadillo. An angel here would stick out like a sore thumb. Is this the wrong place? He considered the cruciform arrangement of the four obelisks. He clenched his fists. This fountain is perfect. It was only 10:46 P.M. when a black van emerged from the alleyway on the far side of the piazza. Langdon would not have given it a second look except that the van drove with no headlights. Like a shark patrolling a moonlit bay, the vehicle circled the perimeter of the piazza. Langdon hunkered lower, crouched in the shadows beside the huge stairway leading up to the Church of St. Agnes in Agony. He gazed out at the piazza, his pulse climbing. After making two complete circuits, the van banked inward toward Bernini's fountain. It pulled abreast of the basin, moving laterally along the rim until its side was flush with the fountain. Then it parked, its sliding door positioned only inches above the churning water. Mist billowed. Langdon felt an uneasy premonition. Had the Hassassin arrived early? Had he come in a van? Langdon had imagined the killer escorting his last victim across the piazza on foot, like he had at St. Peter's, giving Langdon an open shot. But if the Hassassin had arrived in a van, the rules had just changed. Suddenly, the van's side door slid open. On the floor of the van, contorted in agony, lay a naked man. The man was wrapped in yards of heavy chains. He thrashed against the iron links, but the chains were too heavy. One of the links bisected the man's mouth like a horse's bit, stifling his cries for help. It was then that Langdon saw the second figure, moving around behind the prisoner in the dark, as though making final preparations. Langdon knew he had only seconds to act. Taking the gun, he slipped off his jacket and dropped it on the ground. He didn't want the added encumbrance of a tweed jacket, nor did he have any intention of taking Galileo's Diagramma anywhere near the water. The document would stay here where it was safe and dry. Langdon scrambled to his right. Circling the perimeter of the fountain, he positioned himself directly opposite the van. The fountain's massive centerpiece obscured his view. Standing, he ran directly toward the basin. He hoped the thundering water was drowning his footsteps. When he reached the fountain, he climbed over the rim and dropped into the foaming pool. The water was waist deep and like ice. Langdon grit his teeth and plowed through the water. The bottom was slippery, made doubly treacherous by a stratum of coins thrown for good luck. Langdon sensed he would need more than good luck. As the mist rose all around him, he wondered if it was the cold or the fear that was causing the gun in his hand to shake. He reached the interior of the fountain and circled back to his left. He waded hard, clinging to the cover of the marble forms. Hiding himself behind the huge carved form of a horse, Langdon peered out. The van was only fifteen feet away. The Hassassin was crouched on the floor of the van, hands planted on the cardinal's chain-clad body, preparing to roll him out the open door into the fountain. Waist-deep in water, Robert Langdon raised his gun and stepped out of the mist, feeling like some sort of aquatic cowboy making a final stand. â€Å"Don't move.† His voice was steadier than the gun. The Hassassin looked up. For a moment he seemed confused, as though he had seen a ghost. Then his lips curled into an evil smile. He raised his arms in submission. â€Å"And so it goes.† â€Å"Get out of the van.† â€Å"You look wet.† â€Å"You're early.† â€Å"I am eager to return to my prize.† Langdon leveled the gun. â€Å"I won't hesitate to shoot.† â€Å"You've already hesitated.† Langdon felt his finger tighten on the trigger. The cardinal lay motionless now. He looked exhausted, moribund. â€Å"Untie him.† â€Å"Forget him. You've come for the woman. Do not pretend otherwise.† Langdon fought the urge to end it right there. â€Å"Where is she?† â€Å"Somewhere safe. Awaiting my return.† She's alive. Langdon felt a ray of hope. â€Å"At the Church of Illumination?† The killer smiled. â€Å"You will never find its location.† Langdon was incredulous. The lair is still standing. He aimed the gun. â€Å"Where?† â€Å"The location has remained secret for centuries. Even to me it was only revealed recently. I would die before I break that trust.† â€Å"I can find it without you.† â€Å"An arrogant thought.† Langdon motioned to the fountain. â€Å"I've come this far.† â€Å"So have many. The final step is the hardest.† Langdon stepped closer, his footing tentative beneath the water. The Hassassin looked remarkably calm, squatting there in the back of the van with his arms raised over his head. Langdon aimed at his chest, wondering if he should simply shoot and be done with it. No. He knows where Vittoria is. He knows where the antimatter is. I need information! From the darkness of the van the Hassassin gazed out at his aggressor and couldn't help but feel an amused pity. The American was brave, that he had proven. But he was also untrained. That he had also proven. Valor without expertise was suicide. There were rules of survival. Ancient rules. And the American was breaking all of them. You had the advantage – the element of surprise. You squandered it. The American was indecisive†¦ hoping for backup most likely†¦ or perhaps a slip of the tongue that would reveal critical information. Never interrogate before you disable your prey. A cornered enemy is a deadly enemy. The American was talking again. Probing. Maneuvering. The killer almost laughed aloud. This is not one of your Hollywood movies†¦ there will be no long discussions at gunpoint before the final shoot-out. This is the end. Now. Without breaking eye contact, the killer inched his hands across the ceiling of the van until he found what he was looking for. Staring dead ahead, he grasped it. Then he made his play. The motion was utterly unexpected. For an instant, Langdon thought the laws of physics had ceased to exist. The killer seemed to hang weightless in the air as his legs shot out from beneath him, his boots driving into the cardinal's side and launching the chain-laden body out the door. The cardinal splashed down, sending up a sheet of spray. Water dousing his face, Langdon realized too late what had happened. The killer had grasped one of the van's roll bars and used it to swing outward. Now the Hassassin was sailing toward him, feet-first through the spray. Langdon pulled the trigger, and the silencer spat. The bullet exploded through the toe of the Hassassin's left boot. Instantly Langdon felt the soles of the Hassassin's boots connect with his chest, driving him back with a crushing kick. The two men splashed down in a spray of blood and water. As the icy liquid engulfed Langdon's body, his first cognition was pain. Survival instinct came next. He realized he was no longer holding his weapon. It had been knocked away. Diving deep, he groped along the slimy bottom. His hand gripped metal. A handful of coins. He dropped them. Opening his eyes, Langdon scanned the glowing basin. The water churned around him like a frigid Jacuzzi. Despite the instinct to breathe, fear kept him on the bottom. Always moving. He did not know from where the next assault would come. He needed to find the gun! His hands groped desperately in front of him. You have the advantage, he told himself. You are in your element. Even in a soaked turtleneck Langdon was an agile swimmer. Water is your element. When Langdon's fingers found metal a second time, he was certain his luck had changed. The object in his hand was no handful of coins. He gripped it and tried to pull it toward him, but when he did, he found himself gliding through the water. The object was stationary. Langdon realized even before he coasted over the cardinal's writhing body that he had grasped part of the metal chain that was weighing the man down. Langdon hovered a moment, immobilized by the sight of the terrified face staring up at him from the floor of the fountain. Jolted by the life in the man's eyes, Langdon reached down and grabbed the chains, trying to heave him toward the surface. The body came slowly†¦ like an anchor. Langdon pulled harder. When the cardinal's head broke the surface, the old man gasped a few sucking, desperate breaths. Then, violently, his body rolled, causing Langdon to lose his grip on the slippery chains. Like a stone, Baggia went down again and disappeared beneath the foaming water. Langdon dove, eyes wide in the liquid murkiness. He found the cardinal. This time, when Langdon grabbed on, the chains across Baggia's chest shifted†¦ parting to reveal a further wickedness†¦ a word stamped in seared flesh. Angels & Demons An instant later, two boots strode into view. One was gushing blood. 103 As a water polo player, Robert Langdon had endured more than his fair share of underwater battles. The competitive savagery that raged beneath the surface of a water polo pool, away from the eyes of the referees, could rival even the ugliest wrestling match. Langdon had been kicked, scratched, held, and even bitten once by a frustrated defenseman from whom Langdon had continuously twisted away. Now, though, thrashing in the frigid water of Bernini's fountain, Langdon knew he was a long way from the Harvard pool. He was fighting not for a game, but for his life. This was the second time they had battled. No referees here. No rematches. The arms driving his face toward the bottom of the basin thrust with a force that left no doubt that it intended to kill. Langdon instinctively spun like a torpedo. Break the hold! But the grip torqued him back, his attacker enjoying an advantage no water polo defenseman ever had – two feet on solid ground. Langdon contorted, trying to get his own feet beneath him. The Hassassin seemed to be favoring one arm†¦ but nonetheless, his grip held firm. It was then that Langdon knew he was not coming up. He did the only thing he could think of to do. He stopped trying to surface. If you can't go north, go east. Marshalling the last of his strength, Langdon dolphin-kicked his legs and pulled his arms beneath him in an awkward butterfly stroke. His body lurched forward. The sudden switch in direction seemed to take the Hassassin off guard. Langdon's lateral motion dragged his captor's arms sideways, compromising his balance. The man's grip faltered, and Langdon kicked again. The sensation felt like a towline had snapped. Suddenly Langdon was free. Blowing the stale air from his lungs, Langdon clawed for the surface. A single breath was all he got. With crashing force the Hassassin was on top of him again, palms on his shoulders, all of his weight bearing down. Langdon scrambled to plant his feet beneath him but the Hassassin's leg swung out, cutting Langdon down. He went under again. Langdon's muscles burned as he twisted beneath the water. This time his maneuvers were in vain. Through the bubbling water, Langdon scanned the bottom, looking for the gun. Everything was blurred. The bubbles were denser here. A blinding light flashed in his face as the killer wrestled him deeper, toward a submerged spotlight bolted on the floor of the fountain. Langdon reached out, grabbing the canister. It was hot. Langdon tried to pull himself free, but the contraption was mounted on hinges and pivoted in his hand. His leverage was instantly lost. The Hassassin drove him deeper still. It was then Langdon saw it. Poking out from under the coins directly beneath his face. A narrow, black cylinder. The silencer of Olivetti's gun! Langdon reached out, but as his fingers wrapped around the cylinder, he did not feel metal, he felt plastic. When he pulled, the flexible rubber hose came flopping toward him like a flimsy snake. It was about two feet long with a jet of bubbles surging from the end. Langdon had not found the gun at all. It was one of the fountain's many harmless spumanti†¦ bubble makers. Only a few feet away, Cardinal Baggia felt his soul straining to leave his body. Although he had prepared for this moment his entire life, he had never imagined the end would be like this. His physical shell was in agony†¦ burned, bruised, and held underwater by an immovable weight. He reminded himself that this suffering was nothing compared to what Jesus had endured. He died for my sins†¦ Baggia could hear the thrashing of a battle raging nearby. He could not bear the thought of it. His captor was about to extinguish yet another life†¦ the man with kind eyes, the man who had tried to help. As the pain mounted, Baggia lay on his back and stared up through the water at the black sky above him. For a moment he thought he saw stars. It was time. Releasing all fear and doubt, Baggia opened his mouth and expelled what he knew would be his final breath. He watched his spirit gurgle heavenward in a burst of transparent bubbles. Then, reflexively, he gasped. The water poured in like icy daggers to his sides. The pain lasted only a few seconds. Then†¦ peace. The Hassassin ignored the burning in his foot and focused on the drowning American, whom he now held pinned beneath him in the churning water. Finish it fully. He tightened his grip, knowing this time Robert Langdon would not survive. As he predicted, his victim's struggling became weaker and weaker. Suddenly Langdon's body went rigid. He began to shake wildly. Yes, the Hassassin mused. The rigors. When the water first hits the lungs. The rigors, he knew, would last about five seconds. They lasted six. Then, exactly as the Hassassin expected, his victim went suddenly flaccid. Like a great deflating balloon, Robert Langdon fell limp. It was over. The Hassassin held him down for another thirty seconds to let the water flood all of his pulmonary tissue. Gradually, he felt Langdon's body sink, on its own accord, to the bottom. Finally, the Hassassin let go. The media would find a double surprise in the Fountain of the Four Rivers. â€Å"Tabban!† the Hassassin swore, clambering out of the fountain and looking at his bleeding toe. The tip of his boot was shredded, and the front of his big toe had been sheared off. Angry at his own carelessness, he tore the cuff from his pant leg and rammed the fabric into the toe of his boot. Pain shot up his leg. â€Å"Ibn al-kalb!† He clenched his fists and rammed the cloth deeper. The bleeding slowed until it was only a trickle. Turning his thoughts from pain to pleasure, the Hassassin got into his van. His work in Rome was done. He knew exactly what would soothe his discomfort. Vittoria Vetra was bound and waiting. The Hassassin, even cold and wet, felt himself stiffen. I have earned my reward. Across town Vittoria awoke in pain. She was on her back. All of her muscles felt like stone. Tight. Brittle. Her arms hurt. When she tried to move, she felt spasms in her shoulders. It took her a moment to comprehend her hands were tied behind her back. Her initial reaction was confusion. Am I dreaming? But when she tried to lift her head, the pain at the base of her skull informed her of her wakefulness. Confusion transforming to fear, she scanned her surroundings. She was in a crude, stone room – large and well-furnished, lit by torches. Some kind of ancient meeting hall. Old-fashioned benches sat in a circle nearby. Vittoria felt a breeze, cold now on her skin. Nearby, a set of double doors stood open, beyond them a balcony. Through the slits in the balustrade, Vittoria could have sworn she saw the Vatican. 104 Robert Langdon lay on a bed of coins at the bottom of the Fountain of the Four Rivers. His mouth was still wrapped around the plastic hose. The air being pumped through the spumanti tube to froth the fountain had been polluted by the pump, and his throat burned. He was not complaining, though. He was alive. He was not sure how accurate his imitation of a drowning man had been, but having been around water his entire life, Langdon had certainly heard accounts. He had done his best. Near the end, he had even blown all the air from his lungs and stopped breathing so that his muscle mass would carry his body to the floor. Thankfully, the Hassassin had bought it and let go. Now, resting on the bottom of the fountain, Langdon had waited as long as he could wait. He was about to start choking. He wondered if the Hassassin was still out there. Taking an acrid breath from the tube, Langdon let go and swam across the bottom of the fountain until he found the smooth swell of the central core. Silently, he followed it upward, surfacing out of sight, in the shadows beneath the huge marble figures. The van was gone. That was all Langdon needed to see. Pulling a long breath of fresh air back into his lungs, he scrambled back toward where Cardinal Baggia had gone down. Langdon knew the man would be unconscious now, and chances of revival were slim, but he had to try. When Langdon found the body, he planted his feet on either side, reached down, and grabbed the chains wrapped around the cardinal. Then Langdon pulled. When the cardinal broke water, Langdon could see the eyes were already rolled upward, bulging. Not a good sign. There was no breath or pulse. Knowing he could never get the body up and over the fountain rim, Langdon lugged Cardinal Baggia through the water and into the hollow beneath the central mound of marble. Here the water became shallow, and there was an inclined ledge. Langdon dragged the naked body up onto the ledge as far as he could. Not far. Then he went to work. Compressing the cardinal's chain-clad chest, Langdon pumped the water from his lungs. Then he began CPR. Counting carefully. Deliberately. Resisting the instinct to blow too hard and too fast. For three minutes Langdon tried to revive the old man. After five minutes, Langdon knew it was over. Il preferito. The man who would be Pope. Lying dead before him. Somehow, even now, prostrate in the shadows on the semisubmerged ledge, Cardinal Baggia retained an air of quiet dignity. The water lapped softly across his chest, seeming almost remorseful†¦ as if asking forgiveness for being the man's ultimate killer†¦ as if trying to cleanse the scalded wound that bore its name. Gently, Langdon ran a hand across the man's face and closed his upturned eyes. As he did, he felt an exhausted shudder of tears well from within. It startled him. Then, for the first time in years, Langdon cried. 105 The fog of weary emotion lifted slowly as Langdon waded away from the dead cardinal, back into deep water. Depleted and alone in the fountain, Langdon half-expected to collapse. But instead, he felt a new compulsion rising within him. Undeniable. Frantic. He sensed his muscles hardening with an unexpected grit. His mind, as though ignoring the pain in his heart, forced aside the past and brought into focus the single, desperate task ahead. Find the Illuminati lair. Help Vittoria. Turning now to the mountainous core of Bernini's fountain, Langdon summoned hope and launched himself into his quest for the final Illuminati marker. He knew somewhere on this gnarled mass of figures was a clue that pointed to the lair. As Langdon scanned the fountain, though, his hope withered quickly. The words of the segno seemed to gurgle mockingly all around him. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. Langdon glared at the carved forms before him. The fountain is pagan! It has no damn angels anywhere! When Langdon completed his fruitless search of the core, his eyes instinctively climbed the towering stone pillar. Four markers, he thought, spread across Rome in a giant cross. Scanning the hieroglyphics covering the obelisk, he wondered if perhaps there were a clue hidden in the Egyptian symbology. He immediately dismissed the idea. The hieroglyphs predated Bernini by centuries, and hieroglyphs had not even been decipherable until the Rosetta Stone was discovered. Still, Langdon ventured, maybe Bernini had carved an additional symbol? One that would go unnoticed among all the hieroglyphs? Feeling a shimmer of hope, Langdon circumnavigated the fountain one more time and studied all four fa;ades of the obelisk. It took him two minutes, and when he reached the end of the final face, his hopes sank. Nothing in the hieroglyphs stood out as any kind of addition. Certainly no angels. Langdon checked his watch. It was eleven on the dot. He couldn't tell whether time was flying or crawling. Images of Vittoria and the Hassassin started to swirl hauntingly as Langdon clambered his way around the fountain, the frustration mounting as he frantically completed yet another fruitless circle. Beaten and exhausted, Langdon felt ready to collapse. He threw back his head to scream into the night. The sound jammed in his throat. Langdon was staring straight up the obelisk. The object perched at the very top was one he had seen earlier and ignored. Now, however, it stopped him short. It was not an angel. Far from it. In fact, he had not even perceived it as part of Bernini's fountain. He thought it was a living creature, another one of the city's scavengers perched on a lofty tower. A pigeon. Langdon squinted skyward at the object, his vision blurred by the glowing mist around him. It was a pigeon, wasn't it? He could clearly see the head and beak silhouetted against a cluster of stars. And yet the bird had not budged since Langdon's arrival, even with the battle below. The bird sat now exactly as it had been when Langdon entered the square. It was perched high atop the obelisk, gazing calmly westward. Langdon stared at it a moment and then plunged his hand into the fountain and grabbed a fistful of coins. He hurled the coins skyward. They clattered across the upper levels of the granite obelisk. The bird did not budge. He tried again. This time, one of the coins hit the mark. A faint sound of metal on metal clanged across the square. The damned pigeon was bronze. You're looking for an angel, not a pigeon, a voice reminded him. But it was too late. Langdon had made the connection. He realized the bird was not a pigeon at all. It was a dove. Barely aware of his own actions, Langdon splashed toward the center of the fountain and began scrambling up the travertine mountain, clambering over huge arms and heads, pulling himself higher. Halfway to the base of the obelisk, he emerged from the mist and could see the head of the bird more clearly. There was no doubt. It was a dove. The bird's deceptively dark color was the result of Rome's pollution tarnishing the original bronze. Then the significance hit him. He had seen a pair of doves earlier today at the Pantheon. A pair of doves carried no meaning. This dove, however, was alone. The lone dove is the pagan symbol for the Angel of Peace. The truth almost lifted Langdon the rest of the way to the obelisk. Bernini had chosen the pagan symbol for the angel so he could disguise it in a pagan fountain. Let angels guide you on your lofty quest. The dove is the angel! Langdon could think of no more lofty perch for the Illuminati's final marker than atop this obelisk. The bird was looking west. Langdon tried to follow its gaze, but he could not see over the buildings. He climbed higher. A quote from St. Gregory of Nyssa emerged from his memory most unexpectedly. As the soul becomes enlightened†¦ it takes the beautiful shape of the dove. Langdon rose heavenward. Toward the dove. He was almost flying now. He reached the platform from which the obelisk rose and could climb no higher. With one look around, though, he knew he didn't have to. All of Rome spread out before him. The view was stunning. To his left, the chaotic media lights surrounding St. Peter's. To his right, the smoking cupola of Santa Maria della Vittoria. In front of him in the distance, Piazza del Popolo. Beneath him, the fourth and final point. A giant cross of obelisks. Trembling, Langdon looked to the dove overhead. He turned and faced the proper direction, and then he lowered his eyes to the skyline. In an instant he saw it. So obvious. So clear. So deviously simple. Staring at it now, Langdon could not believe the Illuminati lair had stayed hidden for so many years. The entire city seemed to fade away as he looked out at the monstrous stone structure across the river in front of him. The building was as famous as any in Rome. It stood on the banks of the Tiber River diagonally adjacent to the Vatican. The building's geometry was stark – a circular castle, within a square fortress, and then, outside its walls, surrounding the entire structure, a park in the shape of a pentagram. The ancient stone ramparts before him were dramatically lit by soft floodlights. High atop the castle stood the mammoth bronze angel. The angel pointed his sword downward at the exact center of the castle. And as if that were not enough, leading solely and directly to the castle's main entrance stood the famous Bridge of Angels†¦ a dramatic approachway adorned by twelve towering angels carved by none other than Bernini himself. In a final breathtaking revelation, Langdon realized Bernini's city-wide cross of obelisks marked the fortress in perfect Illuminati fashion; the cross's central arm passed directly through the center of the castle's bridge, dividing it into two equal halves. Langdon retrieved his tweed coat, holding it away from his dripping body. Then he jumped into the stolen sedan and rammed his soggy shoe into the accelerator, speeding off into the night.